High Cycle Accumulation (HCA) model

This model was developed by Niemunis et al. 2005, and predicts the accumulation of permanent deformation or excess pore water pressure in cohesion-less soil caused by a large amount of cycles with small strain amplitude. It can be used when dealing with generic problems of a foundation subjected to traffic loads, wind and waves such as onshore-offshore wind turbines. The model is highly empirical because the plastic strain accumulation formulas are based on a large amount of long-term cyclic triaxial tests.